2022-03-07
在漢傳佛教中,無量壽佛只是阿彌陀佛漢譯十三個名號中的一個名號,它具有特別的意義,象征時間的無限,但并不流行,更無單獨的崇拜。然而,在藏傳佛教中,情況就有所不同。首先,阿彌陀佛被一分為二,變成了相對獨立的兩個神格——無量壽佛和無量光佛,阿彌陀佛的名稱亦隨之消失。再者,兩尊佛的地位和功用也不相同,一種觀點認為無量壽佛是報身佛,無量光佛是化身佛;再一種觀點認為無量光佛是原生的,無量壽佛是無量光佛化現和派生的,前者為主,后者為次。無量壽佛注重現實世界的救助,具有增福延壽的功用,而無量光佛是智慧的象征,注重來世救助,專門接引眾生往生西方極樂世界。若祈求智慧,則皈依無量光佛,若祈求延壽福樂,則皈依無量壽佛。其次,兩尊佛還各有不同的身形,無量壽佛為菩薩裝,無量光佛則為比丘裝。關于阿彌陀佛一分為二的兩種神格,意大利著名藏學家圖齊也有專門論述,他認為:“無量光是化身——如來相;無量壽是報身——菩薩相,無量光持缽,無量壽持長壽寶瓶?!眻D齊還特別指出,在功能與樣式上將二者區別表現是西藏大師的創造,漢地沒有這種跡象。在藏傳佛教寺廟中,無量壽佛的造像比較多見,供奉十分普遍,無量光佛相對要少一些。
In the Han Buddhism, no quantity of longevity Buddha is only one of the thirteen famous names of Amitabhas Chinese translation. It has special meaning, symbolizes the infinity of time, but it is not popular and has no separate worship. However, in Tibetan Buddhism, the situation is quite different. First of all, Amitabha was divided into two parts, and became two independent godheads, the infinite Buddha and the infinite Buddha, and the name of Amitabha disappeared. Moreover, the status and function of the two Buddhas are also different. One view holds that the Buddha is the Buddha, the Buddha is the avatar and the Buddha is the avatar. Another view is that the Buddha of no quantity is the original, the Buddha of no quantity of longevity is the embodiment and derivation of the Buddha, the former is the main and the latter is the second. The Buddha of boundless longevity pays attention to the salvation of the real world, and has the function of increasing the happiness and prolonging life, and the Buddha without quantity is the symbol of wisdom. It pays attention to the salvation of the afterlife, and specially leads the living of all living beings to the Western Paradise. If we pray for wisdom, we will be converted to the Buddha of infinite quantity. If we pray for longevity and happiness, we will be converted to the Buddha of infinite quantity. Secondly, the two Buddha also has different shape, amitayus Buddha, Amitabha Buddha, monks with. about the two kinds of divinity of Amitabha, Tucci, the famous Tibetan scientist in Italy, also has a special discussion. He thinks: "no quantity of light is Avatar - like; no quantity of life is a report body - a Bodhisattva, no quantity of light holding a bowl, a longevity holding vase." He also pointed out that the difference between the two functions is the creation of Tibet masters. There are no such signs in Han Dynasty. In Tibetan Buddhist temples, there are many statues of the Buddha of infinite quantity. They are very common.
在我國古代銅佛像發展過程中,明代出現了新的高峰,僅大型銅佛像的鑄造這一門類即有了長足的發展,不僅數量多,種類多,而且,還有創新。據不完全統計,我國現存古代大型銅佛像共151尊,其中明代的大銅佛像為90尊,占59.6%,即占了六成,且各個題材,釋迦牟尼佛、毗盧遮那佛、盧舍那佛、彌勒佛等等均有涉及。這些大型銅佛像在全國范圍內的分散供奉亦從旁證明,有明一朝,鑄造大型銅佛像,幾乎在全國各地百花齊放。
In the process of the development of the bronze Buddha statue in ancient China, the new peak appeared in the Ming Dynasty. only the casting of the large copper Buddha statue has made great progress, not only the quantity, the variety, but also the innovation. According to incomplete statistics, there are 151 ancient large bronze Buddha statues in our country, of which 90 of the great bronze Buddhas of the Ming Dynasty, accounting for 59.6%, accounting for 60%, and all the subjects, Shakya Muni Buddha, the Buddha, the luroshe Buddha, the Maitreya Buddha and so on. The large bronze Buddha statues were distributed throughout the country. It also proved that in the Ming Dynasty, large bronze statues were produced almost all over the country.
釋迦牟尼,作為佛教創始人,在古印度佛教徒的心中代表著英勇無畏,故善稱為“大雄”,所以,供奉釋迦牟尼為主尊的殿就稱作大雄寶殿,既有單獨供奉的,亦有作為三世佛或三身佛中的主尊來供奉的。
Shakya Muni, as the founder of Buddhism, represents bravery and fearlessness in the hearts of ancient India Buddhists, so the good is called "great male", so the hall of the Lord Shakya Muni is called the Great Hall of great male. It has both the individual worship and the worship of the Lord of the third Buddha or the three Buddhas.
大型寺廟中的佛像大多數是泥塑像或木雕像,銅鑄佛像本身數量就極為稀少,且集中在明代,現存明代釋迦牟尼佛的大型銅坐像僅12尊左右。其中,浙江天臺縣國清寺的釋迦牟尼銅像最為高大,通高達6.8m;山東長清縣靈巖寺千佛殿中的釋迦牟尼銅像,是作為三身佛中的應身佛供奉的,高3.67m,鑄于明嘉靖二十二年(1543年);北京戒臺寺大雄寶殿和陜西渭南下吉鎮慧照寺以及甘肅張掖市大佛寺金塔殿的釋迦牟尼銅像,是作為三世佛中的現在佛供奉的;山東泰安市普照寺大雄寶殿、云南姚安德豐寺大殿、陜西咸陽市博物館和北京市首都博物館等存藏的釋迦牟尼銅像,則是獨立的釋迦牟尼佛大型銅像。
Most of the Buddhist statues in large temples are clay sculptures or wood sculptures. The number of copper cast Buddhas itself is rare and concentrated in the Ming Dynasty. The existing Shakya Muni Buddha of the Ming Dynasty is only about 12 large bronze statues. Among them, the Shakya Muni bronze statue of the Guoqing temple in Tiantai County, Zhejiang, is the taller and higher up to 6.8m; the bronze statue of Shakya Muni in the thousand Buddhas palace in Changqing County, Changqing county is served as the Buddha in the Buddha of the three Buddhas, Gao 3.67M, cast in the twenty-two years of Ming Jiajing (1543), the temple of the great male of the temple of Beijing and the Xiji Zhen Hui of Weinan in Shaanxi. Zhao Temple and the bronze statue of Shakya Muni in the Dafu temple in Zhangye, Gansu, are served as the present Buddhas of the third Buddha. The statue of Sakyamuni, which is stored in the grand temple of the pzhao temple in Taian, Yunnan, the temple of the Yao An Feng monastery in Yunnan, the Museum of Xianyang in Shaanxi and the Capital Museum of Beijing, is an independent Shakya Muni Buddha. A large bronze statue.